Ottoman Padishahi II Abdulhamid

2026-09-29

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<p>Abdulhamid II was the most controversial sultan of the late Ottoman Empire, proclaiming the Constitutional Monarchy in 1876, followed by a long period of autocracy/equilibrium. It accelerated modernization with investments in railways, telegraphs, schools, and health care. Balance policy was followed in the face of foreign debt and territorial losses. The period ended with the abdication of the Constitutional Monarchy in 1909. He gave importance to the education and intelligence network. II.Abdulhamid II is remembered for his modernizing and authoritarian face. He was one of the last great political figures of the Ottoman Empire.</p>